Grape

Nitrogen (N) constitutes for all plants the pivot of metabolism, basic element of cell multiplication and growth of plant organs. The vine is no exception, as the element is indispensable for its development and necessary from the beginning and throughout the entire period of activity of the plant.

The nutrient is an important constituent of amino acids and proteins. Free amino acids give rise to other amino acids and proteins and, consequently, to enzymes and coenzymes (NaDPH and NADP); they are precursors of plant hormones – tryptophan from AIA and methionine from ethylene; porphyric nuclei – chlorophyll and cytochromes; nitrogen reserve in seeds – asparagine and arginine; vitamins; nitrogenous bases (purine and pyrimidine); nucleotides and by polymerizing them to nucleic acids – DNA and RNA, glyco and lipoproteins; pigments and by-products. It participates in photosynthesis, respiration, biosynthesis, cell multiplication and differentiation, and genetic inheritance. 

Deficiency – The first symptoms of deficiency appear on older leaves. The main symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are: decreased plant growth; reduction in the size of the leaves (dwarfism), which have a pale green tone tending to yellow (chlorosis), necrotizing and easily detaching from the branches; shortening of internodes; less development of the root system and low fertilization of the bunches. The main symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are: decreased plant growth; reduction in the size of the leaves (dwarfism), which have a pale green tone tending to yellow (chlorosis), necrotizing and easily detaching from the branches; shortening of internodes; less development of the root system and low fertilization of the bunches. The main symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are: decreased plant growth; reduction in the size of the leaves (dwarfism), which have a pale green tone tending to yellow (chlorosis), necrotizing and easily detaching from the branches; shortening of internodes; less development of the root system and low fertilization of the bunches.

It acts as a structural component of cell membranes, as well as being part of compounds responsible for the fixation of atmospheric CO2 and for the metabolism of sugars. Its main function is energy transfer.

It enters the composition of vitamins, lecithin, nucleic acids, adenosine diphosphate and triphosphate, which are energy carriers in the chloroplast. It is necessary for photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.

Deficiency – The first symptoms appear on the older leaves of the vine. The characteristic symptoms of P deficiency are the development of marginal and interveinal red-violet coloration in the old leaves and the appearance of a red color in the petioles and in the main and secondary veins of the old leaves.

It plays a role in the synthesis of sugars, in the acidity of musts and in the constitution of reserves for the plant. 

Controls the water supply of the vineyard. Allows the thickening of the berries. Influences the migration of sugars. Improves the aromas and flavor of juice or wine.

Deficiency – The characteristic symptoms of K deficiency are: yellowing and subsequent necrosis of leaf margins; curling the edges of the leaves both downwards and upwards; rough, corrugated leaves; and intermediate leaves with darkening between the veins.

It acts on the structure of the film walls, helping to prevent some pathogens, such as Botrytis. 

It plays an important role in cell division and strengthening of cell walls. Promotes greater rooting of plants. It is important in pollen germination and pollen tube development.

Deficiency – The main symptoms of calcium deficiency are characterized as follows: reduced plant growth; presence of new leaves with marginal and interveinal chlorosis, which become completely necrotic; curling of the margins of new leaves downwards; paralysis or death of leaf pointers and low growth of vine roots.

It is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is necessary for the activation of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes.

Deficiency – The first symptoms of deficiency appear in the older leaves, the characteristic symptom being chlorosis or interveinal yellowing of the old leaves, with the veins remaining green. 

Magnesium deficiency also promotes a reduction in the sugar content in the must and can cause the rachis to desiccate, due to the imbalance in the K/Mg ratio, with greater potassium absorption.

It is part of some essential amino acids such as methionine, cystine and cysteine, certain vitamins and coenzyme A, and is also an enzyme activator.

Deficiency – Deficiency symptoms appear initially in the youngest leaves. Sulfur deficiency symptoms are similar to nitrogen deficiency symptoms.

It participates in several physiological processes such as N fixation, photosynthesis and respiration. It also works as an enzyme activator.

Deficiency – Deficiency symptoms first appear on the youngest leaves. Yellowing of leaves and new shoots occurs, with only the veins remaining green; the leaves look like a fine reticulate.

It participates in the activation of enzymes, chlorophyll synthesis and oxidation-reduction reactions.

Deficiency – Deficiency symptoms appear primarily on the youngest leaves. The deficient plant has dead apical parts, a general chlorotic appearance and interveinal yellowing of the leaves, with the area close to the veins remaining green, forming a thick reticulate and delaying flowering and fruit maturation.

It is necessary for the activation of enzymes and for the formation of auxin, for the elongation of internodes and in the formation of chloroplasts and starch. 

Deficiency – The first symptoms appearing on the youngest leaves, which become small; chlorotic aspect of the apical leaves; leaves with wrinkles along the vein and open or completely closed petiolar sinus.

It participates in several physiological Activation of several enzymes is required.

Deficiency – The first symptoms of deficiency appear on the youngest leaves.

It facilitates the transport of sugars across membranes and is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids and, consequently, in the synthesis of proteins; on pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth.

It participates in cell division and favors the synthesis of nucleic acid and, therefore, growth. It acts in the fertilization phase, increasing the germination of the pollen grain and the development of the pollen tube. It participates in the metabolism and transport of carbohydrates, favors the synthesis of amino acids and proteins, participates in the mechanism of action of gibberellins and in the synthesis of auxins, influences the absorption and mobility of calcium in the plant.

Deficiency – The first symptoms of B deficiency appear in the youngest organs of the vine, due to its immobility in the plant.